![]() ![]() ![]() This process provides many benefits through the movement of people and goods, but also leads to the intentional and unintentional transfer of organisms among ecosystems that were previously separate. ![]() Globalization has integrated widely dispersed human communities into a worldwide economy. ![]() If new management programs are not enacted in Europe, it is inevitable that more invasive species will arrive, and that the total economic, environmental, and human health impacts from these species will continue to grow. We outline the reasons that invasive species create unique policy challenges, and suggest some rules of thumb for designing and implementing management programs. We describe the impacts of invasive species in Europe, the difficulties involved in reducing these impacts, and explain the policy options currently being considered. This review covers the process and drivers of species invasions in Europe, the socio-economic factors that make some regions particularly strongly invaded, and the ecological factors that make some species particularly invasive. For these reasons, there has been recent growth in the field of invasion biology as scientists work to understand the process of invasion, the changes that invasive species cause to their recipient ecosystems, and the ways that the problems of invasive species can be reduced. Although invasive species cause major negative impacts across all regions of Europe, they also offer scientists the opportunity to develop and test theory about how species enter and leave communities, how non-native and native species interact with each other, and how different types of species affect ecosystem functions. These range in taxonomy from viruses and bacteria to fungi, plants, and animals. As a long-time centre for trade, Europe has seen the introduction and subsequent establishment of at least several thousand non-native species. These species are referred to as invasive, and are now recognized as one of the major drivers of biodiversity change across the globe. A proportion of these species become established and cause serious environmental, economic, and human health impacts. Globalization of trade and travel has facilitated the spread of non-native species across the earth. ![]()
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